Ardhi na Mazingira

Kiswahili

(1)Ardhi nchini Kenya itamilikiwa, kutumiwa na kusimamiwa kwa njia ambayo ni yenye usawa, ufanisi, uzalishaji na endelevu,na kwa kuzingatia kanuni zifuatazo—

(a)uwezo sawa wa kupata ardhi;

(b)usalama wa haki za ardhi;

(c)usimamizi endelevu na wenye manufaa, wa rasilimali za ardhi;

(d)usimamizi wa ardhi kwa uwazi na kwa gharama nafuu;

(e)hifadhi na utunzaji bora wa maeneo muhimu ya kiekolojia;

(f)kuondolewa kwa ubaguzi wa kijinsia katika sheria, mila na desturi zinazohusiana na ardhi na mali iliyomo katika ardhi; na

(g)kuhimiza jamii kutatua mizozo kuhusu ardhi kupitia hatua za kijamii zinazotambuliwa na zinazoambatana na Katiba hii.

(2)Kanuni hizi zitatekelezwa kupitia kwa sera ya ardhi ya kitaifa itakayotengenezwa na kukaguliwa mara kwa mara na serikali ya kitaifa kupitia kwa sheria.

English

Principles of land policy

(1)Land in Kenya shall be held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable, and in accordance with the following principles—

(a)equitable access to land;

(b)security of land rights;

(c)sustainable and productive management of land resources;

(d)transparent and cost effective administration of land;

(e)sound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas;

(f)elimination of gender discrimination in law, customs and practices related to land and property in land; and

(g)encouragement of communities to settle land disputes through recognised local community initiatives consistent with this Constitution.

(2)These principles shall be implemented through a national land policy developed and reviewed regularly by the national government and through legislation.

Kiswahili

(1)Ardhi yote nchini Kenya inamilikiwa na wakenya wote kijumla kama taifa, kama jamii na kama watu binafsi.

(2)Ardhi yote nchini Kenya imeainishwa kama ardhi ya umma, ya jamii au ya mtu binafsi.

English

Classification of land

(1)All land in Kenya belongs to the people of Kenya collectively as a nation, as communities and as individuals.

(2)Land in Kenya is classified as public, community or private.

Kiswahili

(1)Ardhi ya umma ni—

(a)ardhi ambayo ilikuwa inamilikiwa na serikali na ambayo haikuwa imegawanywa wakati wa kuanza kutumika kwa Katiba hii, kama ilivyoelezewa na Sheria ya Bunge wakati iliyokuwa ikitumika wakati wa kuanza kutumika kwa Katiba hii;

(b)ardhi inayomilikiwa, kutumiwa au ambapo idara yoyote ya Serikali inapofanyia kazi, isipokuwa ardhi ambayo idara ya Serikali imekodisha kama mkodishaji wa kibinafsi;

(c)ardhi iliyokabidhiwa Serikali kwa njia ya kuuzwa, kurudishwa au kusalimishwa;

(d)ardhi ambayo umiliki wake wa kijamii au kibinafsi hauwezi kuthibitishwa kupitia mchakato wowote wa kisheria;

(e)ardhi ambayo hakuna mrithi yeyote anayeweza kutambuliwa kupitia mchakato wowote wa kisheria;

(f)ardhi yoyote iliyo na madini au mafuta ya madini kama ilivyoelezewa kisheria;

(g)misitu ya serikali isipokuwa misitu inayotajwa katika Kifungu cha hifadhi za wanyama, chemichemi za maji, mbuga za kitaifa, hifadhi za wanyama za serikali na maeneo maalum yaliyolindwa;

(h)barabara zote kulingana na Sheria ya Bunge;

(i)mito yote, maziwa yote na sehemu zingine za maji kama ilivyoelezewa na Sheria ya Bunge;

(j)mipaka ya bahari, maeneo maalum ya kiuchumi katika bahari na ardhi iliyo chini ya bahari;

(k)Ardhi iliyo chini ya bahari lakini kwenye upande wa bahari usio kuwa wenye kina sana;

(l)Ardhi yote iliyo kati ya nyanda za juu na za chini za maji;

(m)ardhi yoyote ambayo haijaainishwa kama ya kibinafsi au ya jamii chini ya Katiba hii; na

(n)ardhi yoyote iliyotangazwa kuwa ya umma kupitia kwa Sheria ya Bunge—

(i)Iliyokuwa ikitumika katika tarehe ya kuanza kutumika kwa katiba hii; au

(ii)iliyotungwa baada ya tarehe ya kuanza kutumika kwa katiba hii.

(2)Ardhi ya umma itamilikiwa na serikali ya kaunti kwa niaba ya wakazi katika kaunti hiyo, na itasimamiwa kwa niaba yao na Tume ya Kitaifa ya Ardhi ikiwa imeainishwa chini ya—

(a)sehemu ya ibara ya (1) (a), (c), (d) au (e); na

(b)sehemu ya (1) (b), isipokuwa ardhi ambayo inamilikiwa au inatumiwa na idara ya Serikali, au ambapo idara ya Serikali inafanyia kazi.

(3)Ardhi ya umma iliyoainishwa chini ya sehemu ya (1) (f) hadi (m) itamilikiwa na serikali ya kitaifa kwa niaba ya Wakenya na Tume ya Kitaifa ya Ardhi itasimamia ardhi hiyo kwa niaba yao.

(4)Ardhi ya umma haitatolewa au kutumiwa isipokuwa kwa kuzingatia Sheria ya Bunge inayofafanua hali na masharti ya kutolewa au matumizi hayo.

English

Public land

(1)Public land is—

(a)land which at the effective date was unalienated government land as defined by an Act of Parliament in force at the effective date;

(b)land lawfully held, used or occupied by any State organ, except any such land that is occupied by the State organ as lessee under a private lease;

(c)land transferred to the State by way of sale, reversion or surrender;

(d)land in respect of which no individual or community ownership can be established by any legal process;

(e)land in respect of which no heir can be identified by any legal process;

(f)all minerals and mineral oils as defined by law;

(g)government forests other than forests to which Article 63 (2) (d) (i) applies, government game reserves, water catchment areas, national parks, government animal sanctuaries, and specially protected areas;

(h)all roads and thoroughfares provided for by an Act of Parliament;

(i)all rivers, lakes and other water bodies as defined by an Act of Parliament;

(j)the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the sea bed;

(k)the continental shelf;

(l)all land between the high and low water marks;

(m)any land not classified as private or community land under this Constitution; and

(n)any other land declared to be public land by an Act of Parliament—

(i)in force at the effective date; or

(ii)enacted after the effective date.

(2)Public land shall vest in and be held by a county government in trust for the people resident in the county, and shall be administered on their behalf by the National Land Commission, if it is classified under—

(a)clause (1) (a), (c), (d) or (e); and

(b)clause (1) (b), other than land held, used or occupied by a national State organ.

(3)Public land classified under clause (1) (f) to (m) shall vest in and be held by the national government in trust for the people of Kenya and shall be administered on their behalf by the National Land Commission.

(4)Public land shall not be disposed of or otherwise used except in terms of an Act of Parliament specifying the nature and terms of that disposal or use.

Kiswahili

(1)Ardhi ya jamii itamilikiwa na jamii zinazotambuliwa kwa misingi ya kikabila, kitamaduni au mahitaji sawa ya kijamii.

(2)Ardhi ya jamii inajumuisha—

(a)ardhi iliyosajiliwa kisheria kwa jina la wawakilishi wa kikundi chini masharti ya sheria yoyote;

(b)ardhi iliyokabidhiwa jamii fulani kisheria na kupitia kwa mchakato wowote wa kisheria;

(c)ardhi nyingine yoyote itakayotangazwa na Sheria ya Bunge kuwa ardhi ya jamii ; na

(d)ardhi ambayo—

(i)inamilikiwa kwa uhalali, inasimamiwa au kutumiwa na jamii maalum kama misitu ya jamii, maeneo ya malisho ya mifugo au mahali patakatifu pa ibada;

(ii)ni ya kiasili na ardhi ambayo kiasili inamilikiwa na jamii ya wawindaji; au

(iii)inamilikiwa kisheria kama ardhi ya amana na serikali za kaunti, lakini isiyojumuisha ardhi yoyote ya umma inayomilikiwa na serikali ya kaunti kwa niaba ya wakazi wa kaunti hiyo chini ya Kifungu cha 62 (2).

(3)Ardhi yoyote ya jamii ambayo haijasajiliwa itamilikiwa na serikali za kaunit kwa niaba ya jamii hizo.

(4)Ardhi ya jamii haitatolewa au kutumiwa vinginevyo isipokuwa kulingana na sheria inayofafanua hali na viwango vya haki za kila mwanajamii kibinafsi au wanajamii wote kwa pamoja.

(5)Bunge litatunga sheria kuwezesha utekelezaji wa Kifungu hiki.

English

Community land

(1)Community land shall vest in and be held by communities identified on the basis of ethnicity, culture or similar community of interest.

(2)Community land consists of—

(a)land lawfully registered in the name of group representatives under the provisions of any law;

(b)land lawfully transferred to a specific community by any process of law;

(c)any other land declared to be community land by an Act of Parliament; and

(d)land that is—

(i)lawfully held, managed or used by specific communities as community forests, grazing areas or shrines;

(ii)ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter-gatherer communities; or

(iii)lawfully held as trust land by the county governments, but not including any public land held in trust by the county government under Article 62 (2).

(3)Any unregistered community land shall be held in trust by county governments on behalf of the communities for which it is held.

(4)Community land shall not be disposed of or otherwise used except in terms of legislation specifying the nature and extent of the rights of members of each community individually and collectively.

(5)Parliament shall enact legislation to give effect to this Article.

Kiswahili

(1)Ardhi ya kibinafsi inajumuisha —

(a)ardhi yoyote iliyosajiliwa na inayomilikiwa na mtu yeyote chini ya umiliki unaodumu maishani mwa mtu huyo;

(b)ardhi inayomilikiwa na mtu yeyote kwa kukodisha; na

(c)ardhi yoyote nyingine iliyotangazwa kuwa ya kibinafsi chini ya Sheria ya Bunge.

English

Private land

Private land consists of —

(a)registered land held by any person under any freehold tenure;

(b)land held by any person under leasehold tenure; and

(c)any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament.

Kiswahili

(1)Mtu asiyekuwa raia wa Kenya anaweza kumiliki ardhi kwa njia ya kukodisha tu, na makubaliano yoyote ya kukodisha, bila kujalisha yalivyofikiwa, hayatazidi muda wa miaka tisini na tisa.

(2)Ikiwa kifungu katika makubaliano, mkataba au hati yoyote ya aina yoyote inampa mtu asiyekuwa raia wa Kenya uwezo wa kumiliki ardhi kwa zaidi ya miaka tisini na tisa, kifungu hicho kitachukuliwa kumpa mtu huyo umiliki wa miaka tisini na tisa na wala sio zaidi.

(3)Kwa madhumuni ya Kifungu hiki—

(a)kampuni au shirika lolote litachukuliwa kama raia tu ikiwa shirika hilo linamilikiwa kikamilifu na raia mmoja au zaidi; na

(b)Ardhi inayomilikiwa kwa niaba ya mtu au watu itachukuliwa kuwa inayomilikiwa na raia wa Kenya iwapo tu manufaa yote ya umiliki huo unawaendea watu ambao ni raia wa Kenya.

(4)Bunge linaweza kutunga sheria ili kutoa mwongozo zaidi katika utekelezaji wa Kifungu hiki.

English

Landholding by non-citizens

(1)A person who is not a citizen may hold land on the basis of leasehold tenure only, and any such lease, however granted, shall not exceed ninety-nine years.

(2)If a provision of any agreement, deed, conveyance or document of whatever nature purports to confer on a person who is not a citizen an interest in land greater than a ninety-nine year lease, the provision shall be regarded as conferring on the person a ninety-nine year leasehold interest, and no more.

(3)For purposes of this Article—

(a)a body corporate shall be regarded as a citizen only if the body corporate is wholly owned by one or more citizens; and

(b)property held in trust shall be regarded as being held by a citizen only if all of the beneficial interest of the trust is held by persons who are citizens.

(4)Parliament may enact legislation to make further provision for the operation of this Article.

Kiswahili

(1)Serikali inaweza kudhibiti matumizi ya ardhi yoyote au haki yoyote katika ardhi kwa madhumuni ya ulinzi, usalama wa umma, utaratibu wa umma, maadili ya umma, afya ya umma, au mpangilio wa matumizi ya ardhi.

(2)Sheria ili kuhakikisha kwamba uwekezaji katika ardhi ni kwa manufaa ya jamii na uchumi wao.

English

Regulation of land use and property

(1)The State may regulate the use of any land, or any interest in or right over any land, in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, or land use planning.

(2)Parliament shall enact legislation ensuring that investments in property benefit local communities and their economies.

Kiswahili

(1)Tume ya Huduma za Polisi za Kitaifa imebuniwa.

(2)Majukumu ya Tume ya Kitaifa ya Ardhi ni—

(a)kusimamia ardhi ya umma kwa niaba ya serikali ya kitaifa na serikali za kaunti;

(b)kupendekezea serikali ya kitaifa sera ya kitaifa kuhusu ardhi;

(c)kushauri serikali ya kitaifa kuhusu programu ya kina itakayosimamia usajili wa umiliki wa ardhi kote nchini Kenya;

(d)kufanya utafiti unaohusiana na ardhi na matumizi ya mali-asili, na kutoa mapendekezo kwa mamlaka yanayohusika;

(e)kuanzisha uchunguzi kwa hiari yake au kutokana na malalamishi, kuhusu ukiukaji wa sasa wa haki za ardhi au ukiukaji wa kihistoria, na kupendekeza suluhisho linalofaa;

(f)kuhimiza matumizi ya njia za kitamaduni zinazotumika kusuluhisha mizozo inayohusu ardhi;

(g)kutathmini ushuru unaotozwa katika ardhi na malipo katika majengo yaliyo katika eneo lolote lililoteuliwa kisheria; na

(h)kufuatilia na kuwa na jukumu la kusimamia mpangilio wa matumizi ya ardhi kote nchini.

(3)Tume ya Kitaifa ya Ardhi inaweza kutekeleza majukumu mengine yoyote yatakayotolewa na sheria ya kitaifa.

English

National Land Commission

(1)There is established the National Land Commission.

(2)The functions of the National Land Commission are—

(a)to manage public land on behalf of the national and county governments;

(b)to recommend a national land policy to the national government;

(c)to advise the national government on a comprehensive programme for the registration of title in land throughout Kenya;

(d)to conduct research related to land and the use of natural resources, and make recommendations to appropriate authorities;

(e)to initiate investigations, on its own initiative or on a complaint, into present or historical land injustices, and recommend appropriate redress;

(f)to encourage the application of traditional dispute resolution mechanisms in land conflicts;

(g)to assess tax on land and premiums on immovable property in any area designated by law; and

(h)to monitor and have oversight responsibilities over land use planning throughout the country.

(3)The National Land Commission may perform any other functions prescribed by national legislation.

Kiswahili

Bunge—

(a)litarekebisha, kuunganisha na kusawazisha sheria zilizopo kuhusu ardhi;

(b)litarekebisha sheria za kisekta kuhusu matumizi ya ardhi kulingana na kanuni zilizotajwa katika Kifungu cha 60 (1); na

(c)litatunga sheria—

(i)ili kutoa mwongozo kuhusu kiwango cha juu zaidi na cha chini zaidi cha ekari za ardhi zinazoweza kumilikiwa katika ardhi ya kibinafsi;

(ii)ili kudhibiti njia ambazo ardhi yoyote inaweza kubadilishwa kutoka kwenye mfumo mmoja hadi mwingine;

(iii)ili kudhibiti utambuzi na uhifadhi wa mali ya kindoa na hasa nyumba ya kindoa wakati wa ndoa na wakati wa kuvunjwa kwa ndoa hiyo;

(iv)ili kulinda, kuhifadhi na kuwezesha ufikiaji wa ardhi yote ya umma;

(v)ili kuwezesha kuchunguzwa kwa upataji wote au uhamishaji wote wa umiliki wa ardhi ya umma ili kuthibitisha uhalali wa upataji huo;

(vi)ili kuwalinda wategemezi wa marehemu waliomiliki ardhi, ikijumuisha maslahi ya mke au mume wa marehemu ambaye anaishi kwenye ardhi hiyo; na

(vii)Ili kutoa mwongozo katika suala lingine lolote muhimu linalohusu kuwezesha utekelezaji wa vifungu vya Sura hii.

English

Legislation on land

Parliament shall—

(a)revise, consolidate and rationalise existing land laws;

(b)revise sectoral land use laws in accordance with the principles set out in Article 60 (1); and

(c)enact legislation—

(i)to prescribe minimum and maximum land holding acreages in respect of private land;

(ii)to regulate the manner in which any land may be converted from one category to another;

(iii)to regulate the recognition and protection of matrimonial property and in particular the matrimonial home during and on the termination of marriage;

(iv)to protect, conserve and provide access to all public land;

(v)to enable the review of all grants or dispositions of public land to establish their propriety or legality;

(vi)to protect the dependants of deceased persons holding interests in any land, including the interests of spouses in actual occupation of land; and

(vii)to provide for any other matter necessary to give effect to the provisions of this Chapter.

Kiswahili

(1)Serikali—

(a)itahakikisha matumizi, usimamizi, na uhifadhi wa mazingira na mali-asili unaoendelea na kuhakikisha usawa katika ugavi wa manufaa yanayopatikana;

(b)itafanya juhudi ili kutimiza na kudumisha kupandwa kwa miti katika angalau asilimia kumi ya ardhi ya Kenya;

(c)italinda na kukuza haki za uvumbuzi na elimu ya kiasili katika anuwai za viumbe na rasilimali za kiasili za jamii;

(d)itahimiza kushiriki kwa umma katika usimamizi, utunzaji, na uhifadhi wa mazingira;

(e)italinda rasilmali zote za kiasili na anuwai za viumbe;

(f)itaanzisha mifumo ya kutathmini athari kwa mazingira, ukaguzi wa mazingira na usimamizi wa mazingira;

(g)itaondoa michakato na shughuli ambazo zinaweza kuhatarisha mazingira; na

(h)itatumia mazingira na mali-asili kwa manufaa ya Wakenya.

(2)Kila mtu ana jukumu la kushirikiana na idara za Serikali na watu wengine ili kulinda na kuhifadhi mazingira, na kuhakikisha kuwa kuna maendeleo endelevu ya kiekolojia na ya matumizi ya rasilimali.

English

Obligations in respect of the environment

(1)The State shall—

(a)ensure sustainable exploitation, utilisation, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits;

(b)work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya;

(c)protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities;

(d)encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment;

(e)protect genetic resources and biological diversity;

(f)establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment;

(g)eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and

(h)utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.

(2)Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources.

Kiswahili

(1)Ikiwa mtu atadai kuwa haki ya kupata mazingira safi na yenye afya njema inavyotambuliwa na kulindwa chini ya Kifungu cha 42 imekiukwa, inakiukwa au kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa mtu huyo kunyimwa haki hiyo au haki hiyo kukiukwa, kuvunjwa au kutishiwa, mtu huyo anaweza kuwasilisha kesi mahakamani ili kupata fidia pamoja na hatua zingine za kisheria zinazopatikana katika suala hilo.

(2)Ikiwa ombi litawasilishwa chini ya sehemu ya (1), mahakama inaweza kutoa amri, au kutoa maelekezo yoyote ambayo yanafaa––

(a)ili kuzuia, kukomesha au kusitisha tendo au kosa lolote ambalo ni hatari kwa mazingira;

(b)ili kumshurutisha afisa yeyote wa umma kuchukua hatua zitakazozuia au kusitisha tendo au kosa lolote ambalo ni hatari kwa mazingira; au

(c)kutoa fidia kwa mwathiriwa yeyote aliyeathirika kutokana na ukiukaji wa haki ya kupata mazingira safi na yenye afya njema.

(3)Kwa madhumuni ya Kifungu hiki, sio lazima kwa anayewasilisha ombi kuonyesha kwamba mtu yeyote amepata hasara au kujeruhiwa.

English

Enforcement of environmental rights

(1)If a person alleges that a right to a clean and healthy environment recognised and protected under Article 42 has been, is being or is likely to be, denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter.

(2)On application under clause (1), the court may make any order, or give any directions, it considers appropriate—

(a)to prevent, stop or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment;

(b)to compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment; or

(c)to provide compensation for any victim of a violation of the right to a clean and healthy environment.

(3)For the purposes of this Article, an applicant does not have to demonstrate that any person has incurred loss or suffered injury.

Kiswahili

(1)Lazima makubaliano yapitishwe na Bunge ikiwa––

(a)yanajumuisha utoaji wa haki au makubaliano na mtu yeyote, au kwa niaba ya mtu yeyote, ikijumuisha serikali ya kitaifa, kwa mtu mwingine, ili atumie mali-asili yoyote iliyo nchini Kenya; na

(b)Yamefikiwa katika au baada ya tarehe ya kuanza kutumika kwa Katiba hii.

(2)Bunge litatunga sheria itakayotoa aina za makubaliano ambazo zitakuwa chini ya upitishaji wa Bunge kulingana na sehemu ya (1).

English

Agreements relating to natural resource

(1)A transaction is subject to ratification by Parliament if it—

(a)involves the grant of a right or concession by or on behalf of any person, including the national government, to another person for the exploitation of any natural resource of Kenya; and

(b)is entered into on or after the effective date.

(2)Parliament shall enact legislation providing for the classes of transactions subject to ratification under clause (1).

Kiswahili

Bunge litatunga sheria ili kuwezesha utekelezaji wa vifungu katika Sehemu hii.

English

Legislation relating to the environment

Parliament shall enact legislation to give full effect to the provisions of this Part.