Sheria za Haki

Kiswahili

(1)Sheria za Haki ni kiungo muhimu katika utawala wa kidemokrasia nchini Kenya na ndio msingi wa sera za kijamii kiuchumi na kitamaduni.

(2)Lengo la kutambua na kulinda haki za binadamu na uhuru wa kimsingi ni ili kulinda hadhi ya watu binafsi na jamii tofauti na kukuza haki za kijamii na kufanikisha uwezo wa binadamu wote.

(3)Haki na uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki—

(a)ni za kila mtu na wala hazitolewi na Serikali;

(b)hazitengi haki zingine na uhuru wa kimsingi ambazo haziko katika Sheria za Haki, lakini zinazotambuliwa au kutolewa na sheria, isipokuwa kwa kiwango ambacho haki hizo na uhuru haziambatani na Sura hii; na

(c)zinadhibitiwa tu kulingana na udhibiti uliobainiwa katika Katiba hii.

English

Rights and fundamental freedoms

(1)The Bill of Rights is an integral part of Kenya’s democratic state and is the framework for social, economic and cultural policies.

(2)The purpose of recognising and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms is to preserve the dignity of individuals and communities and to promote social justice and the realisation of the potential of all human beings.

(3)The rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights—

(a)belong to each individual and are not granted by the State;

(b)do not exclude other rights and fundamental freedoms not in the Bill of Rights, but recognised or conferred by law, except to the extent that they are inconsistent with this Chapter; and

(c)are subject only to the limitations contemplated in this Constitution.

Kiswahili

(1)Sheria za Haki zinatumika katika sheria zote na ni lazima zifuatwe na idara zote za Serikali pamoja na watu wote.

(2)Kila mtu atafurahia haki na uhuru wa kimsingi zilizo katika Sheria za Haki kwa kiwango kikubwa iwezekanavyo, kulingana na hali ya haki hiyo au uhuru huo wa kimsingi.

(3)Katika kufasiri kifungu cha Sheria za Haki, mahakama—

(a)itakuza sheria kwa kiwango ambacho kitawezesha utekelezaji wa haki au uhuru wa kimsingi; na

(b)itachukua fasiri inayopendelea utekelezaji wa haki au uhuru wa kimsingi kwa kiwango kikubwa.

(4)Katika kufasiri Sheria za Haki, mahakama, taasisi iliyo na mamlaka ya mahakama au mamlaka nyingine itakuza––

(a)maadili ya kimsingi katika jamii iliyo wazi na ya kidemokrasia, kwenye misingi ya hadhi ya binadamu, usawa na uhuru; na

(b)kusudi, madhumuni na malengo ya Sheria za Haki.

(5)Katika utekelezaji wa haki yoyote chini ya Kifungu cha 43, ikiwa Serikali itadai kwamba haina rasilimali za kutekelezea haki hiyo, mahakama, taasisi iliyo na mamlaka ya mahakama au mamlaka nyingine itaongozwa na kanuni zifuatazo––

(a)ni jukumu la Serikali kuonesha kwamba rasilimali hazipatikani;

(b)katika kugawa rasilimali, Serikali itaweka kipaumbele jukumu la kuhakikisha kwamba kuna manufaa makubwa zaidi ya haki hiyo au uhuru huo wa kimsingi, kulingana na hali ilivyo, ikijumuisha unyonge wa vikundi fulani vya watu au watu binafsi; na

(c)mahakama, taasisi iliyo na mamlaka ya mahakama au mamlaka nyingine haiwezi kuingilia uamuzi wa idara ya Serikali kuhusu ugavi wa rasilimali zinazopatikana, hasa kwenye misingi kwamba ingefikia uamuzi tofauti.

English

Application of Bill of Rights

(1)The Bill of Rights applies to all law and binds all State organs and all persons.

(2)Every person shall enjoy the rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights to the greatest extent consistent with the nature of the right or fundamental freedom.

(3)In applying a provision of the Bill of Rights, a court shall—

(a)develop the law to the extent that it does not give effect to a right or fundamental freedom; and

(b)adopt the interpretation that most favours the enforcement of a right or fundamental freedom.

(4)In interpreting the Bill of Rights, a court, tribunal or other authority shall promote—

(a)the values that underlie an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality, equity and freedom; and

(b)the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights.

(5)In applying any right under Article 43, if the State claims that it does not have the resources to implement the right, a court, tribunal or other authority shall be guided by the following principles—

(a)it is the responsibility of the State to show that the resources are not available;

(b)in allocating resources, the State shall give priority to ensuring the widest possible enjoyment of the right or fundamental freedom having regard to prevailing circumstances, including the vulnerability of particular groups or individuals; and

(c)the court, tribunal or other authority may not interfere with a decision by a State organ concerning the allocation of available resources, solely on the basis that it would have reached a different conclusion.

Kiswahili

(1)Ni wajibu wa kimsingi wa Serikali na kila idara ya Serikali kuzingatia, kuheshimu, kulinda, kukuza na kutimiza haki na uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki.

(2)Serikali itachukua hatua za kisheria, kisera na nyinginezo ikijumuisha uwekaji wa viwango ili kufanikisha upatikanaji endelevu wa haki hizo kama ilivyohakikishwa chini ya Kifungu cha 43.

(3)Ni wajibu wa idara zote za Serikali na maafisa wote wa umma kushughulikia mahitaji ya makundi ya watu walio hatarini katika jamii, ikijumuisha wanawake, wazee katika jamii, watu wenye ulemavu, watoto, vijana na jamii za walio wachache au zilizotengwa, pamoja na jamii fulani za kikabila, kidini au kitamaduni.

(4)Serikali itatunga na kutekeleza sheria ili kutimiza wajibu wake wa kimataifa kuhusu haki za binadamu na uhuru wa kimsingi.

English

Implementation of rights and fundamental freedoms

(1)It is a fundamental duty of the State and every State organ to observe, respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights.

(2)The State shall take legislative, policy and other measures, including the setting of standards, to achieve the progressive realisation of the rights guaranteed under Article 43.

(3)All State organs and all public officers have the duty to address the needs of vulnerable groups within society, including women, older members of society, persons with disabilities, children, youth, members of minority or marginalised communities, and members of particular ethnic, religious or cultural communities.

(4)The State shall enact and implement legislation to fulfil its international obligations in respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya kuwasilisha kesi mahakamani akidai kwamba amenyimwa haki au uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki, kwamba haki au uhuru huo umekiukwa au kutishiwa.

(2)Zaidi ya mtu kuwasilisha kesi kwa niaba yake mwenyewe, kesi chini ya sehemu ya (1) inaweza kuwasilishwa na––

(a)mtu anayewasilisha kesi kwa niaba ya mtu mwingine ambaye hawezi kuwasilisha kesi kwa jina lake mwenyewe;

(b)mtu anayewasilisha kesi kwa niaba ya, au kama mwanachama wa kikundi au tabaka la watu;

(c)mtu anayewasilisha kesi kwa manufaa ya umma; au

(d)shirika linalowasilisha kesi kwa manufaa ya mwanachama mmoja au zaidi.

(3)Jaji Mkuu atatunga kanuni zitakazotoa mwongozo katika kesi zilizorejelewa katika Kifungu hiki, ambazo zitatimiza vigezo kwamba––

(a)haki za kuwasilisha kesi zilizotolewa katika sehemu ya (2) zinatekelezwa kikamilifu;

(b)hali rasmi zinazohusiana na kesi hizo, ikijumuisha kuanzishwa kwa kesi, unawekwa kwa kiwango cha chini, na hasa kwamba iwapo ni muhimu, mahakama itakubali kuendeshwa kwa kesi kwenye msingi wa hati na rekodi zisizo rasmi;

(c)hakuna ada itakayotozwa kwa kuanzisha kesi;

(d)kwa kuzingatia kanuni za haki ya kimsingi, mahakama haitazuiwa na mahitaji madogo madogo ya utaratibu; na

(e)shirika au mtu binafsi mwenye ujuzi maalum anaweza, kwa idhini ya mahakama, kujitokeza kama msaidizi wa mahakama katika kutatua maswala ya kisheria.

(4)Kukosekana kwa kanuni zinazoangaziwa katika sehemu ya (3) hakutadhibiti haki ya mtu yeyote ya kuwasilisha kesi mahakamani chini ya Kifungu hiki, na mahakama kuisikiza na kuiamua kesi hiyo.

English

Enforcement of Bill of Rights

(1)Every person has the right to institute court proceedings claiming that a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights has been denied, violated or infringed, or is threatened.

(2)In addition to a person acting in their own interest, court proceedings under clause (1) may be instituted by—

(a)a person acting on behalf of another person who cannot act in their own name;

(b)a person acting as a member of, or in the interest of, a group or class of persons;

(c)a person acting in the public interest; or

(d)an association acting in the interest of one or more of its members.

(3)The Chief Justice shall make rules providing for the court proceedings referred to in this Article, which shall satisfy the criteria that—

(a)the rights of standing provided for in clause (2) are fully facilitated;

(b)formalities relating to the proceedings, including commencement of the proceedings, are kept to the minimum, and in particular that the court shall, if necessary, entertain proceedings on the basis of informal documentation;

(c)no fee may be charged for commencing the proceedings;

(d)the court, while observing the rules of natural justice, shall not be unreasonably restricted by procedural technicalities; and

(e)an organisation or individual with particular expertise may, with the leave of the court, appear as a friend of the court.

(4)The absence of rules contemplated in clause (3) does not limit the right of any person to commence court proceedings under this Article, and to have the matter heard and determined by a court.

Kiswahili

(1)Kwa mujibu wa Kifungu cha 165, Mahakama Kuu ina mamlaka ya kusikiliza na kuamua kesi zinazoomba haki dhidi ya kunyimwa, kukiukwa, kuvunjwa au kutishiwa kwa haki au uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki.

(2)Bunge litatunga sheria ili kutoa uwezo wa kiasili kwa mahakama za ngazi ya chini katika usikilizaji na kuamuliwa kwa kesi zinazoomba haki dhidi ya kunyimwa, kuvunjwa, kukiukwa au kutishiwa kwa haki au uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki.

(3)Katika kesi yoyote iliyowasilishwa chini ya Kifungu cha 22, mahakama inaweza kutoa uamuzi unaofaa, ikijumuisha––

(a)kutangaza haki;

(b)kutoa amri ya kusitisha kitendo kinachokiuka haki za mtu aliyewasilisha kesi;

(c)kutoa amri ya kudumisha hali jinsi ilivyo;

(d)kutoa tangazo au tamko kuhusu ubatili wa sheria yoyote ambayo inanyima, inakiuka au kutishia haki au uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki na ambayo haijathibitishwa kulingana na Kifungu cha 24;

(e)amri ya fidia; na

(f)amri ya mahakama ya kukagua hatua za kitawala zilizochukuliwa na shirika la umma.

English

Authority of courts to uphold and enforce the Bill of Rights

(1)The High Court has jurisdiction, in accordance with Article 165, to hear and determine applications for redress of a denial, violation or infringement of, or threat to, a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights.

(2)Parliament shall enact legislation to give original jurisdiction in appropriate cases to subordinate courts to hear and determine applications for redress of a denial, violation or infringement of, or threat to, a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights.

(3)In any proceedings brought under Article 22, a court may grant appropriate relief, including—

(a)a declaration of rights;

(b)an injunction;

(c)a conservatory order;

(d)a declaration of invalidity of any law that denies, violates, infringes, or threatens a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights and is not justified under Article 24;

(e)an order for compensation; and

(f)an order of judicial review.

Kiswahili

(1)Haki au uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki hazitadhibitiwa isipokuwa kulingana na sheria, na kwa kiwango ambacho kinafaa katika jamii iliyo wazi na ya kidemokrasia, na iliyo kwenye misingi ya hadhi ya binadamu, usawa na uhuru, na kwa kuzingatia maswala yote husika ikijumuisha––

(a)hali ya haki hiyo au uhuru huo wa kimsingi;

(b)umuhimu wa lengo la udhibiti huo;

(c)hali na kiwango cha udhibiti huo;

(d)umuhimu wa kuhakikisha kwamba kutekelezwa kwa haki hizo na uhuru huo wa kibinafsi wa mtu yeyote hautatizi haki na uhuru wa kimsingi wa watu wengine; na

(e)uhusiano kati ya udhibiti huo na lengo lake, na ikiwa kuna njia zingine ambazo hazidhibiti sana na ambazo zinaweza kufikia lengo hilo.

(2)Licha ya sehemu ya (1), kifungu katika sheria kinachodhibiti haki au uhuru wa kimsingi—

(a)ikiwa ni kifungu kilichotungwa au kurekebishwa katika, au baada ya siku ya kuanza kutumika kwa Katiba hii, kifungu hicho sio halali, isipokuwa sheria hiyo idhihirishe kusudi la kudhibiti haki hiyo au uhuru huo wa kimsingi na kiwango cha udhibiti huo;

(b)hakitachukuliwa kuwa kinadhibiti haki hiyo au uhuru huo isipokuwa kieleze wazi na kwa njia maalum kuhusu haki au uhuru wa kimsingi unaodhibitiwa na hali au kiwango cha udhibiti huo; na

(c)hakitadhibiti haki au uhuru wa kimsingi kwa njia itakayotofautiana na maudhui muhimu ya haki au uhuru huo wa kimsingi.

(3)Serikali au mtu anayetaka kuhalalisha udhibiti fulani atathibitishia mahakama, taasisi iliyo na mamlaka ya mahakama au mamlaka nyingine kwamba mahitaji ya Kifungu hiki yameridhishwa.

(4)Vifungu katika Sura hii kuhusu usawa vitadhibitiwa katika utekelezaji wa Sheria ya Kiislamu katika mahakama za Kadhi kwa waumini wa dini ya Kiislamu, katika maswala yanayohusiana na hadhi zao za kibinafsi, hali ya ndoa, talaka na urithi.

(5)Licha ya sehemu za (1) na (2), kifungu katika sheria kinaweza kudhibiti utekelezaji wa haki na uhuru wa kimsingi katika vifungu vifuatavyo, kwa watu wanaohudumu katika Majeshi ya Ulinzi ya Kenya au Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Polisi–

(a)31—Faragha;

(b)36—Uhuru wa kutangamana;

(c)37—Mikutano, maandamano, migomo na maombi;

(d)41—Mahusiano ya kikazi;

(e)43—Haki za kiuchumi na za kijamii; na

(f)49—Haki za waliotiwa mbaroni.

English

Limitation of rights and fundamental freedoms

(1)A right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights shall not be limited except by law, and then only to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom, taking into account all relevant factors, including—

(a)the nature of the right or fundamental freedom;

(b)the importance of the purpose of the limitation;

(c)the nature and extent of the limitation;

(d)the need to ensure that the enjoyment of rights and fundamental freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights and fundamental freedoms of others; and

(e)the relation between the limitation and its purpose and whether there are less restrictive means to achieve the purpose.

(2)Despite clause (1), a provision in legislation limiting a right or fundamental freedom—

(a)in the case of a provision enacted or amended on or after the effective date, is not valid unless the legislation specifically expresses the intention to limit that right or fundamental freedom, and the nature and extent of the limitation;

(b)shall not be construed as limiting the right or fundamental freedom unless the provision is clear and specific about the right or freedom to be limited and the nature and extent of the limitation; and

(c)shall not limit the right or fundamental freedom so far as to derogate from its core or essential content.

(3)The State or a person seeking to justify a particular limitation shall demonstrate to the court, tribunal or other authority that the requirements of this Article have been satisfied.

(4)The provisions of this Chapter on equality shall be qualified to the extent strictly necessary for the application of Muslim law before the Kadhis’ courts, to persons who profess the Muslim religion, in matters relating to personal status, marriage, divorce and inheritance.

(5)Despite clause (1) and (2), a provision in legislation may limit the application of the rights or fundamental freedoms in the following provisions to persons serving in the Kenya Defence Forces or the National Police Service—

(a)Article 31—Privacy;

(b)Article 36—Freedom of association;

(c)Article 37—Assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition;

(d)Article 41—Labour relations;

(e)Article 43—Economic and social rights; and

(f)Article 49—Rights of arrested persons.

Kiswahili

Licha ya kifungu kingine chochote katika Katiba hii, haki na uhuru wa kimsingi zifuatazo hazitadhibitiwa––

(a)uhuru kutokana na mateso na unyanyasaji au adhabu zinazokiuka hadhi ya ubinadamu;

(b)uhuru kutokana na utumwa;

(c)haki ya usikilizaji wa kesi kwa usawa; na

(d)haki ya kupewa amri ya kufikishwa mahakamani.

English

Fundamental Rights and freedoms that may not be limited

Despite any other provision in this Constitution, the following rights and fundamental freedoms shall not be limited—

(a)freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;

(b)freedom from slavery or servitude;

(c)the right to a fair trial; and

(d)the right to an order of habeas corpus.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya kuishi.

(2)Maisha ya mtu huanza wakati mimba inapotungwa.

(3)Mtu hatauawa kimakusudi, isipokuwa kwa njia inayoidhinishwa na Katiba hii au kwa sheria nyingine iliyoandikwa;

(4)Uavyaji mimba hauruhusiwi, isipokuwa kwa maoni ya mtaalamu wa masuala ya afya kuwa kuna haja ya matibabu ya dharura, au maisha au afya ya mama imo hatarini, au ukiwa umeidhinishwa na sheria nyingine iliyoandikwa;

English

Right to life

(1)Every person has the right to life.

(2)The life of a person begins at conception.

(3)A person shall not be deprived of life intentionally, except to the extent authorised by this Constitution or other written law.

(4)Abortion is not permitted unless, in the opinion of a trained health professional, there is need for emergency treatment, or the life or health of the mother is in danger, or if permitted by any other written law.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ni sawa mbele ya sheria, na ana haki ya kulindwa na kupata manufaa sawa ya sheria.

(2)Usawa unajumuisha kufurahia haki zote na uhuru wote wa kimsingi kikamilifu na kwa usawa.

(3)Wanawake na wanaume wana haki ya kuchukuliwa kwa usawa ikijumuisha haki ya kupata nafasi sawa katika nyanja za kisiasa, kiuchumi, kitamaduni na kijamii.

(4)Serikali haitabagua mtu yeyote kwa njia ya moja kwa moja au vinginevyo kwenye misingi yoyote ikijumuisha asili, jinsia, ujauzito, hali ya mtu kindoa, hali ya kiafya, asili ya kikabila au kijamii, rangi, umri, ulemavu, dini, dhamira, imani, utamaduni, mavazi, lugha au kuzaliwa.

(5)Mtu hatambagua mtu mwingine kwa njia ya moja kwa moja au vinginevyo kwenye misingi iliyotajwa au kuelezewa katika ibara ya (4).

(6)Ili kuwezesha utekelezaji kamili wa haki zilizohakikishwa chini ya Kifungu hiki, Serikali itachukua hatua za kisheria na nyinginezo, ikijumuisha programu na sera za vitendo sawazishi ambazo zimebuniwa ili kusawazisha upungufu wowote uliowaathiri watu binafsi au vikundi vya watu kwa sababu ya ubaguzi wa hapo awali.

(7)Hatua yoyote inayochukuliwa chini ya ibara ya (6) itazingatia kikamilifu ili manufaa yoyote yawe kwenye msingi wa hitaji la kweli.

(8)Zaidi ya hatua zinazokusudiwa katika sehemu ya (6), Serikali itachukua hatua za kisheria na nyinginezo ili kutekeleza kanuni inayohitaji kwamba idadi ya watu waliochaguliwa au kuteuliwa katika mashirika yanayoteua au ambayo yanahitaji watu kuchaguliwa haitakuwa na idadi ya jinsia moja inayozidi thuluthi mbili.

English

Equality and freedom from discrimination

(1)Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law.

(2)Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and fundamental freedoms.

(3)Women and men have the right to equal treatment, including the right to equal opportunities in political, economic, cultural and social spheres.

(4)The State shall not discriminate directly or indirectly against any person on any ground, including race, sex, pregnancy, marital status, health status, ethnic or social origin, colour, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, dress, language or birth.

(5)A person shall not discriminate directly or indirectly against another person on any of the grounds specified or contemplated in clause (4).

(6)To give full effect to the realisation of the rights guaranteed under this Article, the State shall take legislative and other measures, including affirmative action programmes and policies designed to redress any disadvantage suffered by individuals or groups because of past discrimination.

(7)Any measure taken under clause (6) shall adequately provide for any benefits to be on the basis of genuine need.

(8)In addition to the measures contemplated in clause (6), the State shall take legislative and other measures to implement the principle that not more than two-thirds of the members of elective or appointive bodies shall be of the same gender.

Kiswahili

Kila mtu ana hadhi yake ya kiasili na haki ya hadhi hiyo kuheshimiwa na kulindwa.

English

Human dignity

Every person has inherent dignity and the right to have that dignity respected and protected.

Kiswahili

Kila mtu ana haki ya uhuru na usalama wake ambao inajumuisha haki ya—

(a)kutonyimwa uhuru kiholela au bila sababu;

(b)kutozuiliwa bila kushtakiwa mahakamani, isipokuwa wakati wa hali ya dharura, ambapo kuzuiliwa huko lazima kulingane na matakwa ya Kifungu cha 58;

(c)kuwa huru kutokana na aina yoyote ya ukatili kutoka kwa umma au watu binafsi;

(d)kutoteswa kwa njia yoyote, iwe kimwili au kisaikolojia;

(e)kutoadhibiwa kwa njia ya viboko; au

(f)kutotendewa au kuadhibiwa kwa njia ya kikatili, inayodhalilisha hadhi ya ubinadamu.

English

Freedom and security of the person

Every person has the right to freedom and security of the person, which includes the right not to be—

(a)deprived of freedom arbitrarily or without just cause;

(b)detained without trial, except during a state of emergency, in which case the detention is subject to Article 58;

(c)subjected to any form of violence from either public or private sources;

(d)subjected to torture in any manner, whether physical or psychological;

(e)subjected to corporal punishment; or

(f)treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading manner.

Kiswahili

(1)Hakuna mtu atakayezuiliwa katika utumwa au ukandamizaji.

(2)Hakuna mtu atakayehitajiwa kufanya kazi ya kulazimishwa.

English

Slavery, servitude and forced labour

(1)A person shall not be held in slavery or servitude.

(2)A person shall not be required to perform forced labour.

Kiswahili

Kila mtu ana haki ya faragha, ambayo inajumuisha haki ya—

(a)kutopekuliwa mwilini, na nyumbani au mali yake kutopekuliwa;

(b)kutozuiliwa kwa mali yake;

(c)maelezo yanayohusiana na familia yake, au masuala yake ya kibinafsi kutohitajiwa au kutofichuliwa ila tu iwapo kuna sababu muhimu; au

(d)faragha ya mawasiliano yake kutovunjwa.

English

Privacy

Every person has the right to privacy, which includes the right not to have—

(a)their person, home or property searched;

(b)their possessions seized;

(c)information relating to their family or private affairs unnecessarily required or revealed; or

(d)the privacy of their communications infringed.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya uhuru wa kuwa na dhamira, dini, mawazo, imani na maoni..

(2)Kila mtu ana haki ya kufuata dini au imani yoyote kwa njia ya ibada, matendo, mafundisho au maadhimisho, ikijumuisha siku ya ibada, kibinafsi au pamoja na wengine, katika umma au kibinafsi.

(3)Mtu hatanyimwa ufikiaji wa taasisi yoyote, ajira au kituo chochote, au kupokea manufaa ya haki yoyote kwa sababu ya imani au dini yake.

(4)Mtu hatalazimishwa kutenda au kujihusisha na kitendo chochote ambacho ni kinyume na imani au dini yake.

English

Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion

(1)Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion.

(2)Every person has the right, either individually or in community with others, in public or in private, to manifest any religion or belief through worship, practice, teaching or observance, including observance of a day of worship.

(3)A person may not be denied access to any institution, employment or facility, or the enjoyment of any right, because of the person’s belief or religion.

(4)A person shall not be compelled to act, or engage in any act, that is contrary to the person’s belief or religion.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya uhuru wa kujieleza ambao unajumuisha—

(a)uhuru wa kutafuta, kupokea au kutoa maelezo au maoni;

(b)uhuru wa ubunifu wa kisanii; na

(c)uhuru wa kiakademia na utafiti wa kisayansi.

(2)Haki ya uhuru wa kujieleza haijumuishi—

(a)propaganda za vita;

(b)uchochezi unaozua ghasia;

(c)matamshi ya chuki; au

(d)utetezi kwenye misingi ya chuki ambao—

(i)unajumuisha uchochezi wa kikabila, kuwatusi wengine au uchochezi wa kusababisha madhara; au

(ii)unaotokana na misingi yoyote ya ubaguzi iliyotajwa au kubainiwa katika Kifungu cha 27 (4).

(3)Katika kutekeleza uhuru wa kujieleza, kila mtu ataheshimu haki na hadhi ya watu wengine.

English

Freedom of expression

(1)Every person has the right to freedom of expression, which includes—

(a)freedom to seek, receive or impart information or ideas;

(b)freedom of artistic creativity; and

(c)academic freedom and freedom of scientific research.

(2)The right to freedom of expression does not extend to—

(a)propaganda for war;

(b)incitement to violence;

(c)hate speech; or

(d)advocacy of hatred that—

(i)constitutes ethnic incitement, vilification of others or incitement to cause harm; or

(ii)is based on any ground of discrimination specified or contemplated in Article 27 (4).

(3)In the exercise of the right to freedom of expression, every person shall respect the rights and reputation of others.

Kiswahili

(1)Uhuru wa vyombo vya habari, ikijumuisha vyombo vya kuchapisha, vya kielektroniki na vinginevyo unahakikishwa, lakini haijumuishi njia yoyote ya kujieleza iliyotajwa katika Kifungu cha 33 (2).

(2)Serikali—

(a)haitadhibiti au kuzuia mtu yeyote anayehusika katika utangazaji, uchapishaji au usambazaji wa chapisho lolote au usambazaji wa habari kwa kutumia njia yoyote; au

(b)haitamwadhibu mtu yeyote kwa kutoa maoni au mtazamo wake, au kwa sababu ya masuala yaliyomo kwenye matangazo, chapisho au usambazaji.

(3)Utangazaji na vyombo vingine vya habari vya kielektroniki vina uhuru wa kuanzishwa chini ya taratibu za upataji leseni ambazo—

(a)ni muhimu ili kudhibiti masafa ya utangazaji wa moja kwa moja na aina zingine za usambazaji wa masafa; na

(b)hazidhibitiwi na serikali, au kwa madhumuni ya kisiasa au ya kibiashara.

(4)Vyombo vyote vya habari vinavyomilikiwa na Serikali—

(a)vitakuwa huru kuamua kuhusu yaliyomo kwenye habari na matangazo yao au mawasiliano mengine;

(b)havitaegemea upande wowote; na

(c)vitatoa nafasi sawa ya kuwasilisha mitazamo tofauti na maoni yanayopinga maswala fulani.

(5)Bunge litatunga sheria itakayosimamia kuundwa kwa shirika ambalo—

(a)halitadhibitiwa na serikali, madhumuni ya kisiasa au ya kibiashara;

(b)litaangazia maslahi ya sehemu zote za jamii; na

(c)litaweka viwango vya vyombo vya habari na kudhibiti na kufuatilia ufuataji wa viwango hivyo.

English

Freedom of the media

(1)Freedom and independence of electronic, print and all other types of media is guaranteed, but does not extend to any expression specified in Article 33 (2).

(2)The State shall not—

(a)exercise control over or interfere with any person engaged in broadcasting, the production or circulation of any publication or the dissemination of information by any medium; or

(b)penalise any person for any opinion or view or the content of any broadcast, publication or dissemination.

(3)Broadcasting and other electronic media have freedom of establishment, subject only to licensing procedures that—

(a)are necessary to regulate the airwaves and other forms of signal distribution; and

(b)are independent of control by government, political interests or commercial interests.

(4)All State-owned media shall—

(a)be free to determine independently the editorial content of their broadcasts or other communications;

(b)be impartial; and

(c)afford fair opportunity for the presentation of divergent views and dissenting opinions.

(5)Parliament shall enact legislation that provides for the establishment of a body, which shall—

(a)be independent of control by government, political interests or commercial interests;

(b)reflect the interests of all sections of the society; and

(c)set media standards and regulate and monitor compliance with those standards.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mwananchi ana haki ya kupata—

(a)habari au maelezo yaliyo na Serikali ; na

(b)habari au maelezo ambayo mtu mwingine anayo na ambayo yanahitajika ili kutekeleza au kulinda haki yoyote au uhuru wowote wa kimsingi.

(2)Kila mtu ana haki ya kudai marekebisho au kufutuliwa mbali kwa habari zozote za uongo au zinazopotosha na ambazo zinamwathiri mtu huyo.

(3)Serikali itachapisha na kutangaza taarifa yoyote muhimu inayoathiri taifa.

English

Access to information

(1)Every citizen has the right of access to—

(a)information held by the State; and

(b)information held by another person and required for the exercise or protection of any right or fundamental freedom.

(2)Every person has the right to the correction or deletion of untrue or misleading information that affects the person.

(3)The State shall publish and publicise any important information affecting the nation.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya uhuru wa kutangamana ambao unajumuisha haki ya kuanzisha, kujiunga na, au kushiriki katika shughuli za muungano wa aina yoyote.

(2)Mtu hatalazimishwa kujiunga na shirika la aina yoyote.

(3)Sheria yoyote inayohitaji usajili wa shirika la aina yoyote itaeleza kwamba—

(a)usajili huo hauwezi kuzuiwa au kuondolewa bila sababu maalum; na

(b)kutakuwepo haki ya kusikizwa kwa usawa kabla ya usajili huo kufutiliwa mbali.

English

Freedom of association

(1)Every person has the right to freedom of association, which includes the right to form, join or participate in the activities of an association of any kind.

(2)A person shall not be compelled to join an association of any kind.

(3)Any legislation that requires registration of an association of any kind shall provide that—

(a)registration may not be withheld or withdrawn unreasonably; and

(b)there shall be a right to have a fair hearing before a registration is cancelled.

Kiswahili

Kila mtu ana haki ya kukutana, kuandamana na kuwasilisha maombi au malalamishi yake kwa mamlaka ya umma iwapo tu atafanya hivyo kwa amani na bila kuwa na silaha.

English

Assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition

Every person has the right, peaceably and unarmed, to assemble, to demonstrate, to picket, and to present petitions to public authorities.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mwananchi ana uhuru wa kumchagua mtu amtakaye kisiasa, ikijumuisha haki ya—

(a)kuunda, au kushiriki katika uundaji wa chama cha kisiasa;

(b)kushiriki katika shughuli za chama cha kisiasa, au kusajili wanachama kwa niaba ya chama cha kisiasa; au

(c)kupigia kampeni chama cha kisiasa au madhumuni ya kisiasa.

(2)Kila raia ana haki ya kushiriki katika uchaguzi huru, wa haki na unaofanyika mara kwa mara kwenye msingi wa haki ya kupiga kura kwa wote, na uhuru wa wapiga kura kueleza matakwa yao katika—

(a)shirika au ofisi yoyote ya umma ambayo wanachama wake huchaguliwa na iliyoundwa chini ya Katiba; au

(b)ofisi yoyote au chama chochote cha kisiasa ambacho raia huyo ni mwanachama.

(3)Bila kudhibitiwa kiholela, kila raia mwenye umri wa miaka kumi na nane au zaidi ana haki ya—

(a)kusajiliwa kama mpiga kura;

(b)kupiga kura ya siri katika uchaguzi wowote au katika kura ya maamuzi; na

(c)kugombea wadhifa katika ofisi ya umma, au ofisi katika chama cha kisiasa ambacho raia huyo ni mwanachama na ikiwa atachaguliwa, kutekeleza majukumu ya ofisi hiyo.

English

Political rights

(1)Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right—

(a)to form, or participate in forming, a political party;

(b)to participate in the activities of, or recruit members for, a political party; or

(c)to campaign for a political party or cause.

(2)Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free expression of the will of the electors for—

(a)any elective public body or office established under this Constitution; or

(b)any office of any political party of which the citizen is a member.

(3)Every adult citizen has the right, without unreasonable restrictions—

(a)to be registered as a voter;

(b)to vote by secret ballot in any election or referendum; and

(c)to be a candidate for public office, or office within a political party of which the citizen is a member and, if elected, to hold office.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya uhuru wa kutembea.

(2)Kila mtu ana haki ya kuondoka nchini Kenya.

(3)Kila raia ana haki ya kuingia, kubaki na kuishi kokote nchini Kenya.

English

Freedom of movement and residence

(1)Every person has the right to freedom of movement.

(2)Every person has the right to leave Kenya.

(3)Every citizen has the right to enter, remain in and reside anywhere in Kenya.

Kiswahili

(1)Kwa kuzingatia Kifungu cha 65, kila mtu ana haki, kibinafsi au kwa kuungana na wengine, kupata na kumiliki mali––

(a)ya aina yoyote; na

(b)katika sehemu yoyote ya Kenya.

(2)Bunge halitatunga sheria inayoruhusu Serikali au mtu yeyote—

(a)kwa udhalimu kumpokonya mtu mali ya aina yoyote au kumnyima mtu haki yake katika mali ya aina yoyote;

(b)kumzuia, au kwa njia yoyote kumzuia kufurahia haki yoyote chini ya Kifungu hiki kwenye misingi iliyobainishwa au kutajwa katika Kifungu cha (27) (4).

(3)Serikali haitamzuia mtu kumiliki mali ya aina yoyote, au kuwa na haki katika mali ya aina yoyote isipokuwa kuzuiwa huko—

(a)kunatokana na upataji ardhi au manufaa fulani katika ardhi au ubadilishaji wa manufaa fulani ya ardhi au hatimiliki ya ardhi, kulingana na Sura ya Tano; au

(b)ni kwa matumizi ya umma au ni kwa manufaa ya umma na kunatekelezwa kulingana na Katiba hii na Sheria yoyote ya Bunge ambayo—

(i)inahakikisha malipo ya fidia na ya haki kikamilifu kwa mtu huyo; na

(ii)inampa mtu yeyote aliye na manufaa au haki katika mali hiyo haki ya kufikia mahakama ya kisheria.

(4)Sheria hiyo inaweza kuruhusu wakazi wa ardhi iliyopatikana kulingana na sehemu ya (3), ambao huenda hawana hatimiliki ya ardhi hiyo, kufidiwa kwa nia njema.

(5)Serikali itatoa msaada, itakuza na kulinda hakimiliki ya uvumbuzi wa wananchi wa Kenya.

(6)Haki chini ya Kifungu hiki hazijumuishi mali yoyote ambayo ilipatikana kwa njia isiyo halali.

English

Protection of right to property

(1)Subject to Article 65, every person has the right, either individually or in association with others, to acquire and own property —

(a)of any description; and

(b)in any part of Kenya.

(2)Parliament shall not enact a law that permits the State or any person—

(a)to arbitrarily deprive a person of property of any description or of any interest in, or right over, any property of any description; or

(b)to limit, or in any way restrict the enjoyment of any right under this Article on the basis of any of the grounds specified or contemplated in Article 27 (4).

(3)The State shall not deprive a person of property of any description, or of any interest in, or right over, property of any description, unless the deprivation—

(a)results from an acquisition of land or an interest in land or a conversion of an interest in land, or title to land, in accordance with Chapter Five; or

(b)is for a public purpose or in the public interest and is carried out in accordance with this Constitution and any Act of Parliament that—

(i)requires prompt payment in full, of just compensation to the person; and

(ii)allows any person who has an interest in, or right over, that property a right of access to a court of law.

(4)Provision may be made for compensation to be paid to occupants in good faith of land acquired under clause (3) who may not hold title to the land.

(5)The State shall support, promote and protect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya.

(6)The rights under this Article do not extend to any property that has been found to have been unlawfully acquired.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya hatua na desturi za kikazi zilizo na usawa.

(2)Kila mfanyakazi ana haki ya—

(a)kulipwa kwa haki;

(b)mazingira ya kikazi yanayofaa;

(c)kuunda, kujiunga au kushiriki katika shughuli na mipango ya chama cha wafanyakazi; na

(d)kugoma.

(3)Kila mwajiri ana haki ya—

(a)kuunda au kujiunga na shirika la waajiri; na

(b)kushiriki katika shughuli na mipango ya shirika la waajiri.

(4)Kila chama cha wafanyakazi na chama cha waajiri kina haki ya—

(a)kuamua usimamizi wake, mipango na shughuli zake;

(b)kupanga; na

(c)kuunda na kujiunga na chama cha wafanya kazi.

(5)Kila chama cha wafanyakazi, shirika la waajiri na mwajiri ana haki ya kushiriki katika maafikiano ya pamoja.

English

Labour relations

(1)Every person has the right to fair labour practices.

(2)Every worker has the right—

(a)to fair remuneration;

(b)to reasonable working conditions;

(c)to form, join or participate in the activities and programmes of a trade union; and

(d)to go on strike.

(3)Every employer has the right—

(e)to form and join an employers organisation; and

(f)to participate in the activities and programmes of an employers organisation.

(4)Every trade union and every employers’ organisation has the right—

(a)to determine its own administration, programmes and activities;

(b)to organise; and

(c)to form and join a federation.

(5)Every trade union, employers’ organisation and employer has the right to engage in collective bargaining.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya mazingira safi na yenye afya, ambayo inajumuisha haki ya—

(a)mazingira kutunzwa kwa manufaa ya vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo kupitia kwa hatua za kisheria na nyinginezo, hasa zile ambazo zinakusudiwa katika Kifungu cha 69; na

(b)majukumu yanayohusiana na mazingira kutimizwa chini ya Kifungu cha 70.

English

Environment

Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right—

(a)to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69; and

(b)to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya—

(a)kupata kiwango cha juu zaidi kiwezekanacho cha afya, kinachojumuisha haki ya huduma za kiafya ikijumuisha huduma ya afya ya uzazi;

(b)kupata makazi yanayofaa, na viwango vinavyostahili vya usafi;

(c)kuwa huru kutokana na njaa, na kupata chakula cha kutosha na bora;

(d)kupata maji safi na salama kwa viwango vinavyostahili;

(e)usalama wa kijamii; na

(f)elimu.

(2)Serikali itatoa ulinzi wa kijamii unaofaa kwa watu ambao hawawezi kujisimamia wao wenyewe pamoja na wanaowategemea.

English

Economic and social rights

(1)Every person has the right—

(a)to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care;

(b)to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation;

(c)to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality;

(d)to clean and safe water in adequate quantities;

(e)to social security; and

(f)to education.

(2)A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment.

(3)The State shall provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya kutumia lugha na kushiriki katika maisha ya kitamaduni ya chaguo lake.

(2)Mtu anayetoka katika utamaduni au ya lugha fulani, pamoja na wanajamii wenzake, ana haki ya—

(a)kufurahia utamaduni wake na kutumia lugha yake; au

(b)kuunda, kujiunga na kudumisha vyama vya kitamaduni na kilugha, na vitengo vingine vya wanaharakati wa kijamii.

(3)Hakuna mtu atakayemlazimisha mtu mwingine kutekeleza, kuadhimisha au kupitia katika mila zozote za kitamaduni.

English

Language and culture

(1)Every person has the right to use the language, and to participate in the cultural life, of the person’s choice.

(2)A person belonging to a cultural or linguistic community has the right, with other members of that community—

(a)to enjoy the person’s culture and use the person’s language; or

(b)to form, join and maintain cultural and linguistic associations and other organs of civil society.

(3)A person shall not compel another person to perform, observe or undergo any cultural practice or rite.

Kiswahili

(1)Familia ndio kitengo cha asili na cha kimsingi cha jamii na ndio msingi muhimu katika utaratibu wa kijamii, na itafurahia kutambuliwa na kulindwa na Serikali.

(2)Kila mtu mzima ana haki ya kuoa mtu wa jinsia tofauti na yake na kulingana na idhini isiyolazimishwa ya watu hao wawili..

(3)Wanandoa wana haki sawa wakati wa kuoana, katika ndoa na wakati wa kuvunjwa kwa ndoa hiyo.

(4)Bunge litatunga sheria inayotambua—

(a)ndoa zilizotekelezwa chini ya utamaduni wowote, au mfumo wowote wa kidini, sheria ya kibinafsi au kifamilia; na

(b)mfumo wowote wa sheria ya kibinafsi au kifamilia chini ya utamaduni wowote, au unaofuatwa na waumini wa dini fulani kwa kiwango cha ndoa au mifumo hiyo ya kisheria kuambatana na Katiba hii.

English

Family

(1)The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society and the necessary basis of social order, and shall enjoy the recognition and protection of the State.

(2)Every adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties.

(3)Parties to a marriage are entitled to equal rights at the time of the marriage, during the marriage and at the dissolution of the marriage.

(4)Parliament shall enact legislation that recognises—

(a)marriages concluded under any tradition, or system of religious, personal or family law; and

(b)any system of personal and family law under any tradition, or adhered to by persons professing a particular religion, to the extent that any such marriages or systems of law are consistent with this Constitution.

Kiswahili

(1)Watumiaji wa bidhaa na huduma wana haki ya—

(a)kupata bidhaa na huduma bora;

(b)kupata maelezo ambayo ni muhimu kwao ili kupata manufaa kikamilifu kutokana na bidhaa na huduma hizo;

(c)kulindwa kwa afya yao, usalama wao, na maslahi yao ya kiuchumi; na

(d)kufidiwa kutokana na hasara au madhara yanayotokana na kasoro katika bidhaa au huduma hizo.

(2)Bunge litatunga sheria itakayohakikisha ulinzi wa watumiaji wa bidhaa na huduma, na wa matangazo yenye usawa, ya kweli na mazuri.

(3)Kifungu hiki kinatumika kwa bidhaa na huduma zitakazotolewa na mashirika ya umma au watu binafsi.

English

Consumer rights

(1)Consumers have the right—

(a)to goods and services of reasonable quality;

(b)to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services;

(c)to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests; and

(d)to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services.

(2)Parliament shall enact legislation to provide for consumer protection and for fair, honest and decent advertising.

(3)This Article applies to goods and services offered by public entities or private persons.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya hatua za kiutawala ambazo ni za haraka, zenye ufanisi, za kisheria, zifaazo na zenye utaratibu ulio na usawa.

(2)Ikiwa haki au uhuru wa kimsingi wa mtu umeathiriwa au unaweza kuathiriwa na hatua ya kiutawala, mtu huyo ana haki ya kupewa sababu za hatua hiyo

(3)Bunge litatunga sheria ili kuwezesha utekelezaji wa haki katika ibara ya (1) na sheria hiyo—

(a)itatoa nafasi ya kukaguliwa kwa hatua hiyo ya kiutawala na mahakama au, ikiwezekana, mahakama maalum ya kiwango cha chini ambayo ni huru na isiyoegemea upande wowote; na

(b)itakuza utawala wenye ufanisi.

English

Fair administrative action

(1)Every person has the right to administrative action that is expeditious, efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair.

(2)If a right or fundamental freedom of a person has been or is likely to be adversely affected by administrative action, the person has the right to be given written reasons for the action.

(3)Parliament shall enact legislation to give effect to the rights in clause (1) and that legislation shall—

(a)provide for the review of administrative action by a court or, if appropriate, an independent and impartial tribunal; and

(b)promote efficient administration.

Kiswahili

Serikali itahakikisha upataji haki kwa watu wote na ikiwa ada yoyote itahitajika, itakuwa ada inayofaa na haitazuia upataji wa haki.

English

Access to justice

The State shall ensure access to justice for all persons and, if any fee is required, it shall be reasonable and shall not impede access to justice.

Kiswahili

(1)Mtu aliyekamatwa ana haki ya—

(a)kuarifiwa mara moja na kupitia kwa lugha anayoielewa, kuhusu—

(i)sababu ya kukamatwa;

(ii)haki ya kunyamaza kimya; na

(iii)matokeo ya kutonyamaza kimya;

(b)kunyamaza kimya;

(c)kuwasiliana na wakili na watu wengine ambao msaada wao unahitajika;

(d)kutolazimishwa kukiri au kukubali hatia, ambako kukubali huko kunaweza kutumiwa kama ushahidi dhidi ya mtu huyo;

(e)kutenganishwa na watu wanaotumikia vifungo vyao;

(f)kuletwa mahakamani haraka iwezekanavyo, lakini sio baada ya––

(i)saa ishirini na nne baada ya kukamatwa; au

(ii)ikiwa saa hizo ishirini na nne zimekamilika kwa wakati ambapo vikao vya mahakama haviendelei, au kwa siku isiyo ya mahakama, afikishwe mahakamani ifikapo mwisho wa siku ya mahakama inayofuata;

(g)afikishwapo mahakamani kwa mara ya kwanza, kufunguliwa mashtaka au kuarifiwa kuhusu sababu ya kuendelea kuzuiliwa kwake, au kuachiliwa huru; na

(h)kuachiliwa kwa dhamana, na kuwekewa masharti yanayoeleweka kabla ya kushtakiwa au kabla ya kesi kusikizwa, isipokuwa kukiwa na sababu zingine za kutomwachilia.

(2)Mtu hatazuiliwa katika rumande kwa kosa ikiwa kosa hilo linaweza kuadhibiwa kwa kutozwa faini pekee au kwa kufungwa gerezani kwa muda usiozidi miezi sita.

English

Rights of arrested persons

(1)An arrested person has the right—

(a)to be informed promptly, in language that the person understands, of—

(i)the reason for the arrest;

(ii)the right to remain silent; and

(iii)the consequences of not remaining silent;

(b)to remain silent;

(c)to communicate with an advocate, and other persons whose assistance is necessary;

(d)not to be compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person;

(e)to be held separately from persons who are serving a sentence;

(f)to be brought before a court as soon as reasonably possible, but not later than—

(i)twenty-four hours after being arrested; or

(ii)if the twenty-four hours ends outside ordinary court hours, or on a day that is not an ordinary court day, the end of the next court day;

(g)at the first court appearance, to be charged or informed of the reason for the detention continuing, or to be released; and

(h)to be released on bond or bail, on reasonable conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless there are compelling reasons not to be released.

(2)A person shall not be remanded in custody for an offence if the offence is punishable by a fine only or by imprisonment for not more than six months.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtu ana haki ya kutaka mzozo wowote unaoweza kusuluhishwa kisheria kuamuliwa katika kikao kilicho wazi na chenye usawa mahakamani au, ikiwezekana, kuamuliwa na taasisi iliyo na mamlaka ya mahakama, iliyo huru na isiyoegemea upande wowote.

(2)Kila mshtakiwa ana haki ya kesi yake kusikizwa kwa njia ya haki, ambayo inajumuisha haki ya—

(a)kuchukuliwa kama asiyekuwa na hatia hadi itakapothibitishwa kuwa ana hatia;

(b)kuarifiwa kuhusu mashtaka na kupewa maelezo ya kutosha na yatakayomwezesha kujibu mashtaka hayo;

(c)kuwa na wakati na vifaa vya kutosha ili kutayarisha jibu;

(d)kesi kusikilizwa kwa njia ya uwazi mbele ya mahakama iliyobuniwa chini ya Katiba hii;

(e)kesi kuanzishwa na kukamilishwa pasi na kuchelewa bila sababu;

(f)kuwepo wakati wa kesi kusikizwa isipokuwa pale ambapo mienendo ya mshtakiwa inatatiza kuendelea kwa kesi hiyo;

(g)kuchagua na kuwakilishwa na wakili, na kuelezwa kuhusu haki hii haraka iwezekanavyo;

(h)kuwa na wakili aliyetolewa na Serikali na kwa gharama ya Serikali, ikiwa haki haitatendeka, na aarifiwe kuhusu haki hii haraka iwezekanavyo;

(i)kunyamaza kimya na kutotoa ushahidi katika usikilizaji wa kesi;

(j)kuelezwa mbeleni kuhusu ushahidi ambao kiongozi wa mashtaka ananuia kutumia, na kuweza kuufikia ushahidi huo;

(k)kuleta na kupinga ushahidi;

(l)kukataa kutoa ushahidi utakaopelekea yeye kupatikana na hatia;

(m)kuwa na usaidizi wa mkalimani bila malipo ikiwa mshtakiwa hawezi kuelewa lugha inayotumiwa katika kesi yake;

(n)kutohukumiwa kwa kitendo ambacho kwa wakati wa kutendeka kwake kitendo hicho hakikuwa—

(i)kosa nchini Kenya; au

(ii)kosa la jinai chini ya sheria ya kimataifa;

(o)kutoshtakiwa kwa kosa ambalo mtu huyo amewahi kutenda, kuachiliwa au kuhukumiwa kwalo hapo awali;

(p)kunufaika katika kupata adhabu iliyo na ukali wa chini zaidi kati ya adhabu zilizoruhusiwa katika kosa hilo ikiwa adhabu iliyoidhinishwa kwa kosa lake imebadilishwa kati ya muda wa kutendeka kwa kosa hilo na wakati wa kuhukumiwa; na

(q)ikiwa atahukumiwa, kukata rufaa au kuwasilisha ombi la kukaguliwa kwa uamuzi huo katika mahakama iliyo katika kiwango cha juu kuliko mahakama iliyotoa uamuzi kama inavyobainishwa na sheria.

(3)Ikiwa Kifungu hiki kinahitaji maelezo au habari kutolewa kwa mtu, maelezo hayo yatatolewa katika lugha ambayo mtu huyo anaelewa.

(4)Ushahidi uliopatikana katika njia inayokiuka haki yoyote au uhuru wowote wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki utatengwa ikiwa mahakama kuukubali ushahidi huo kutapelekea kesi hiyo kutozingatia haki, au kwa namna nyingine ushahidi huo utazuia kutendeka kwa haki.

(5)Mshtakiwa—

(a)aliyeshtakiwa kwa kosa fulani, kando na kosa ambalo mahakama inaweza kukamilisha kwa haraka, atakuwa na haki ya kupata nakala ya kumbukumbu ya kesi aombapo nakala hiyo; na

(b)ana haki ya kupata nakala ya kumbukumbu ya kesi ndani ya muda unaofaa baada ya kukamilishwa kwa kesi hiyo, na kwa malipo ya ada inayofaa kama ilivyoagizwa na sheria.

(6)Mtu aliyehukumiwa kwa kosa la jinai anaweza kuwasilisha ombi la kusikizwa upya kwa kesi katika mahakama kuu ikiwa––

(a)rufaa ya mtu huyo imetupiliwa mbali na mahakama ya juu zaidi ambapo mtu huyo ana haki ya kukata rufaa, au ikiwa mtu huyo hakukata rufaa katika muda unaokubaliwa wa kukata rufaa; na

(b)ushahidi mpya na wa kushawishi umepatikana.

(7)Ili haki itendeke, mahakama inaweza kumruhusu mtu tofauti kumsaidia mlalamishi au mshtakiwa ili awasiliane na mahakama.

(8)Kifungu hiki hakizuii kutengwa kwa vyombo vya habari au umma katika kesi yoyote mahakamani, ikiwa kutengwa huko ni muhimu, katika jamii huru na ya kidemokrasia, ili kulinda mashahidi au watu walio hatarini, kulinda maadili, utulivu wa umma, au usalama wa kitaifa.

(9)Bunge litatunga sheria itakayoelezea kuhusu ulinzi, haki na maslahi ya waathiriwa wa hatia.

English

Fair hearing

(1)Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair and public hearing before a court or, if appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or body.

(2)Every accused person has the right to a fair trial, which includes the right—

(a)to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved;

(b)to be informed of the charge, with sufficient detail to answer it;

(c)to have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence;

(d)to a public trial before a court established under this Constitution;

(e)to have the trial begin and conclude without unreasonable delay;

(f)to be present when being tried, unless the conduct of the accused person makes it impossible for the trial to proceed;

(g)to choose, and be represented by, an advocate, and to be informed of this right promptly;

(h)to have an advocate assigned to the accused person by the State and at State expense, if substantial injustice would otherwise result, and to be informed of this right promptly;

(i)to remain silent, and not to testify during the proceedings;

(j)to be informed in advance of the evidence the prosecution intends to rely on, and to have reasonable access to that evidence;

(k)to adduce and challenge evidence;

(l)to refuse to give self-incriminating evidence;

(m)to have the assistance of an interpreter without payment if the accused person cannot understand the language used at the trial;

(n)not to be convicted for an act or omission that at the time it was committed or omitted was not—

(i)an offence in Kenya; or

(ii)a crime under international law;

(o)not to be tried for an offence in respect of an act or omission for which the accused person has previously been either acquitted or convicted;

(p)to the benefit of the least severe of the prescribed punishments for an offence, if the prescribed punishment for the offence has been changed between the time that the offence was committed and the time of sentencing; and

(q)if convicted, to appeal to, or apply for review by, a higher court as prescribed by law.

(3)If this Article requires information to be given to a person, the information shall be given in language that the person understands.

(4)Evidence obtained in a manner that violates any right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights shall be excluded if the admission of that evidence would render the trial unfair, or would otherwise be detrimental to the administration of justice.

(5)An accused person—

(a)charged with an offence, other than an offence that the court may try by summary procedures, is entitled during the trial to a copy of the record of the proceedings of the trial on request; and

(b)has the right to a copy of the record of the proceedings within a reasonable period after they are concluded, in return for a reasonable fee as prescribed by law.

(6)A person who is convicted of a criminal offence may petition the High Court for a new trial if—

(a)the person’s appeal, if any, has been dismissed by the highest court to which the person is entitled to appeal, or the person did not appeal within the time allowed for appeal; and

(b)new and compelling evidence has become available.

(7)In the interest of justice, a court may allow an intermediary to assist a complainant or an accused person to communicate with the court.

(8)This Article does not prevent the exclusion of the press or other members of the public from any proceedings if the exclusion is necessary, in a free and democratic society, to protect witnesses or vulnerable persons, morality, public order or national security.

(9)Parliament shall enact legislation providing for the protection, rights and welfare of victims of offences.

Kiswahili

(1)Mtu yeyote aliyezuiliwa, kukamatwa au kufungwa gerezani kisheria, ana haki zote na uhuru wote wa kimsingi katika Haki za Sheria, isipokuwa iwe kwamba haki au uhuru wowote wa kimsingi hauambatani kamwe na hali kuzuiliwa, kukamatwa au kufungwa gerezani kwa mtu huyo.

(2)Mtu aliyezuiliwa au kukamatwa ana haki ya kuwasilisha ombi la kutolewa kwa amri ya yeye kufikishwa mahakamani.

(3)Bunge litatunga sheria ambayo––

(a)inaagiza kuwa walio kizuizini, waliokamatwa au waliofungwa gerezani wapewe hadhi yao ya kibinadamu; na

(b)inazingatia mikataba ya kimataifa inayohusiana na haki za binadamu.

English

Rights of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned

(1)A person who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned under the law, retains all the rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights, except to the extent that any particular right or a fundamental freedom is clearly incompatible with the fact that the person is detained, held in custody or imprisoned.

(2)A person who is detained or held in custody is entitled to petition for an order of habeas corpus.

(3)Parliament shall enact legislation that—

(a)provides for the humane treatment of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned; and

(b)takes into account the relevant international human rights instruments.

Kiswahili

(1)Sehemu hii inafafanua kwa undani baadhi ya haki fulani ili kuhakikisha uhakika zaidi katika utekelezaji wa haki hizo na uhuru huo wa kimsingi katika vikundi fulani vya watu.

(2)Sehemu hii haitachukuliwa kana kwamba inadhibiti haki yoyote.

English

Interpretation of this Part

(1)This Part elaborates certain rights to ensure greater certainty as to the application of those rights and fundamental freedoms to certain groups of persons.

(2)This Part shall not be construed as limiting or qualifying any right.

Kiswahili

(1)Kila mtoto ana haki ya––

(a)kupata jina na uraia wakati anapozaliwa;

(b)kupata elimu ya kimsingi na ya lazima bila malipo;

(c)kupata lishe bora ya kimsingi, makazi na huduma za afya;

(d)kulindwa kutokana na dhuluma, kutelekezwa, tamaduni mbaya zinazoathiri, aina zote za ukatili, matendo na adhabu zisizo na ubinadamu, na kazi yoyote ya kunyanyasa au yenye kuhatarisha;

(e)kutunzwa na kulindwa na wazazi, ambayo inajumuisha wajibu sawa wa mama na baba katika kukidhi mahitaji ya mtoto, bila kujalisha ikiwa wameoana au hawajaoana; na

(f)kutozuiliwa, isipokuwa wakati ambapo hilo ndilo hatua pekee inayoweza kuchukuliwa, azuiliwe––

(i)kwa muda mfupi zaidi unaostahili; na

(ii)kwa kutenganishwa na watu wazima na katika hali inayozingatia umri na jinsia ya mtoto huyo.

(2)Maslahi mema zaidi ya mtoto ni muhimu sana katika kila suala linalomhusu mtoto.

English

Children

(1)Every child has the right—

(a)to a name and nationality from birth;

(b)to free and compulsory basic education;

(c)to basic nutrition, shelter and health care;

(d)to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour;

(e)to parental care and protection, which includes equal responsibility of the mother and father to provide for the child, whether they are married to each other or not; and

(f)not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort, and when detained, to be held—

(i)for the shortest appropriate period of time; and

(ii)separate from adults and in conditions that take account of the child’s sex and age.

(2)A child’s best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child.

Kiswahili

(1)Mtu mwenye ulemavu wowote ana haki ya––

(a)kupewa hadhi yake na heshima na kuzungumziwa na kutajwa kwa njia isiyomdunisha;

(b)kufikia taasisi za elimu na vifaa vya watu wenye ulemavu vilivyowekwa katika jamii kwa kiwango kinachoambatana na maslahi ya mtu huyo;

(c)kufikia ipasavyo maeneo yote, usafiri wa umma na habari au maelezo;

(d)kutumia lugha ya ishara, Breli, au njia nyingine mwafaka ya mawasiliano; na

(e)kupata nyenzo na vifaa vinavyoweza kumsaidia kukabiliana na matatizo ya ulemavu huo;

(2)Serikali itahakikisha utekelezaji unaoendelea wa kanuni kwamba, angalau asilimia tano ya watu walio katika mashirika ambayo wanachama huchaguliwa au kuteuliwa ni watu wenye ulemavu.

English

Persons with disabilities

(1)A person with any disability is entitled—

(a)to be treated with dignity and respect and to be addressed and referred to in a manner that is not demeaning;

(b)to access educational institutions and facilities for persons with disabilities that are integrated into society to the extent compatible with the interests of the person;

(c)to reasonable access to all places, public transport and information;

(d)to use Sign language, Braille or other appropriate means of communication; and

(e)to access materials and devices to overcome constraints arising from the person’s disability.

(2)The State shall ensure the progressive implementation of the principle that at least five percent of the members of the public in elective and appointive bodies are persons with disabilities.

Kiswahili

(1)Serikali itachukua hatua, ikijumuisha programu za hatua sawazishi ili kuhakikisha kwamba vijana

(a)wanapata elimu na mafunzo yanayofaa;

(b)wana fursa ya kujumuika, kuwakilishwa na kushiriki katika nyanja za kisiasa, kijamii, kiuchumi na nyanja zingine za maisha;

(c)wanapata ajira; na

(d)wanalindwa kutokana na tamaduni zinazodhuru na kutokana na kunyanyaswa.

English

Youth

The State shall take measures, including affirmative action programmes, to ensure that the youth—

(a)access relevant education and training;

(b)have opportunities to associate, be represented and participate in political, social, economic and other spheres of life;

(c)access employment; and

(d)are protected from harmful cultural practices and exploitation.

Kiswahili

Serikali itaweka programu za hatua sawazishi zilizokusudiwa kuhakikisha kwamba vikundi vya watu wachache waliotengwa na kubaguliwa—

(a)vinashiriki na kuwakilishwa katika uongozi na katika nyanja zote za maisha;

(b)vinapewa nafasi maalum katika nyanja za elimu na uchumi;

(c)vinapewa nafasi maalum katika upataji wa ajira;

(d)vinakuza tamaduni zao, lugha na desturi zao; na

(e)vinapata maji, huduma za afya na miundombinu.

English

Minorities and marginalised groups

The State shall put in place affirmative action programmes designed to ensure that minorities and marginalised groups—

(a)participate and are represented in governance and other spheres of life;

(b)are provided special opportunities in educational and economic fields;

(c)are provided special opportunities for access to employment;

(d)develop their cultural values, languages and practices; and

(e)have reasonable access to water, health services and infrastructure.

Kiswahili

Serikali itachukua hatua ili kuhakikisha haki za wazee––

(a)kushiriki kikamilifu katika masuala ya jamii;

(b)kufuatilia ustawi wao wa kibinafsi;

(c)kuishi katika hadhi na heshima na kuwa huru kutokana na dhuluma; na

(d)kupata malezi ya kufaa na msaada kutoka kwa familia zao na Serikali.

English

Older members of society

The State shall take measures to ensure the rights of older persons—

(a)to fully participate in the affairs of society;

(b)to pursue their personal development;

(c)to live in dignity and respect and be free from abuse; and

(d)to receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and the State.

Kiswahili

(1)Hali ya dharura inaweza kutangazwa tu chini ya Kifungu cha 132 (4) (d) na wakati ambapo––

(a)Nchi inatishiwa na vita, uvamizi, upinzani kijumla,

(b)vurugu, janga la kiasili au dharura nyingine ya umma; na

(c)tangazo hilo ni muhimu ili kukabili hali ambayo imesababisha kutolewa kwa tangazo hilo la dharura.

(2)Tangazo la hali ya dharura, na sheria yoyote itakayotungwa au hatua nyingine itakayochukuliwa kutokana na tangazo hilo, litafaa tu—

(a)ikiwa linalingana na matarajio; na

(b)kwa muda usiozidi siku kumi na nne kuanzia siku ya kutangazwa kwa hali hiyo ya dharura, isipokuwa Bunge la Kitaifa liamue kuendeleza tangazo hilo.

(3)Bunge la Kitaifa linaweza kuendeleza tangazo la hali ya hatari —

(a)kwa uamuzi uliokubaliwa—

(i)kufuatia mjadala wa wazi katika Bunge la Kitaifa; na

(ii)na idadi kubwa ya wabunge kama ilivyoelezewa katika sehemu ya (4); na

(b)kwa muda usiozidi miezi miwili kwa wakati mmoja.

(4)Kuongezwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa kipindi cha hali ya dharura kunahitaji kura ya uungwaji mkono ya angalau thuluthi mbili ya wabunge wote katika Bunge la Kitaifa, na kuongezwa kwa muda huo kwa mara nyingine kutahitaji kura ya uungwaji mkono ya angalau robo tatu ya wabunge wote katika Bunge la Kitaifa.

(5)Mahakama ya Juu Zaidi inaweza kuamua kuhusu uhalali wa—

(a)tangazo la hali ya dharura;

(b)kuongezwa kwokwote kwa muda wa tangazo la hali ya dharura;na

(c)sheria yoyote itakayotungwa au hatua yoyote nyingine itakayochukuliwa kwa sababu ya tangazo la hali ya dharura.

(6)Sheria yoyote inayotungwa kwa sababu ya tangazo la hali ya dharura––

(a)inaweza kudhibiti haki au uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Tume ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Binadamu na Usawa ya Kenya. Haki kwa kiwango tu ambacho—

(i)udhibiti huo unahitajika haswa katika dharura hiyo; na

(ii)sheria hiyo inaambatana na majukumu ya Jamhuri chini ya sheria za kimataifa zinazotumika katika hali ya dharura; na

(b)haitatekelezwa hadi itakapochapishwa kwenye Gazeti Rasmi la Serikali.

(7)Tangazo la hali ya dharura au sheria inayotungwa au hatua yoyote nyingine inayochukuliwa kwa sababu ya tangazo lolote haitaruhusu au kuidhinisha ulinzi dhidi ya mashtaka kwa Serikali au mtu yeyote, katika tendo lolote la ukiukaji wa sheria.

English

State of emergency

(1)A state of emergency may be declared only under Article 132 (4) (d) and only when—

(a)the State is threatened by war, invasion, general insurrection, disorder, natural disaster or other public emergency; and

(b)the declaration is necessary to meet the circumstances for which the emergency is declared.

(2)A declaration of a state of emergency, and any legislation enacted or other action taken in consequence of the declaration, shall be effective only—

(a)prospectively; and

(b)for not longer than fourteen days from the date of the declaration, unless the National Assembly resolves to extend the declaration.

(3)The National Assembly may extend a declaration of a state of emergency—

(a)by resolution adopted—

(i)following a public debate in the National Assembly; and

(ii)by the majorities specified in clause (4); and

(b)for not longer than two months at a time.

(4)The first extension of the declaration of a state of emergency requires a supporting vote of at least two-thirds of all the members of the National Assembly, and any subsequent extension requires a supporting vote of at least three-quarters of all the members of the National Assembly.

(5)The Supreme Court may decide on the validity of—

(a)a declaration of a state of emergency;

(b)any extension of a declaration of a state of emergency; and

(c)any legislation enacted, or other action taken, in consequence of a declaration of a state of emergency.

(6)Any legislation enacted in consequence of a declaration of a state of emergency—

(a)may limit a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights only to the extent that—

(i)the limitation is strictly required by the emergency; and

(ii)the legislation is consistent with the Republic’s obligations under international law applicable to a state of emergency; and

(b)shall not take effect until it is published in the Gazette.

(7)A declaration of a state of emergency, or legislation enacted or other action taken in consequence of any declaration, may not permit or authorise the indemnification of the State, or of any person, in respect of any unlawful act or omission.

Kiswahili

(1)Tume ya Kitaifa ya Kenya ya Haki za Binadamu na Usawa ya Kenya Imebuniwa.

(2)Majukumu ya Tume hii ni—

(a)kukuza heshima ya haki za binadamu na kuendeleza desturi ya kuheshimu haki za binadamu katika Jamhuri;

(b)kukuza usawa wa kijinsia na usawa kijumla na kuratibu na kuhakikisha jinsia imezingatiwa katika maendeleo ya kitaifa;

(c)kukuza ulinzi na kuzingatiwa kwa haki za binadamu katika taasisi za umma na za kibinafsi;

(d)kufuatilia, kuchunguza na kuripoti jinsi haki za binadamu zinavyozingatiwa katika nyanja zote za kitaifa ikijumuisha jinsi idara za usalama wa kitaifa zinavyozingatia haki hizo;

(e)kupokea na kuchunguza malalamishi kuhusu tuhuma za ukiukaji wa haki na kuchukua hatua za kupata suluhisho lifaalo pale ambapo haki za binadamu zimekiukwa;

(f)kwa juhudi zake au kwenye msingi wa malalamishi, kuchunguza au kutafiti kuhusu suala la haki za binadamu, na kutoa mapendekezo ya kuimarisha utendakazi wa idara za Serikali;

(g)kutenda kama idara kuu ya Serikali katika kuhakikisha kuwa majukumu chini ya mikataba na maagano yanayohusiana na haki za binadamu yamefikiwa;

(h)kuchunguza mienendo yoyote katika masuala ya serikali, au matendo yoyote katika utawala wa umma na katika nyanja zozote za serikali yanayotuhumiwa au kushukiwa kutokuwa ya haki au kutofaa, au kupelekea hali isiyofaa au kutotendeka kwa haki;

(i)kuchunguza malalamishi yoyote kuhusu matumizi mabaya ya mamlaka, matendo yasiyo ya haki, kutotendeka kwa haki au mienendo rasmi isiyokuwa na usawa, inayonyanyasa au isiyoshughulika ipasavyo;

(j)kuripoti malalamishi yaliyochunguzwa chini ya aya za (h) na (i) na kuchukua hatua zinazofaa; na

(k)kutekeleza majukumu mengine yoyote yalioagizwa na sheria.

(3)Kila mtu ana haki ya kuilalamikia Tume akidai kwamba amenyimwa haki au uhuru wa kimsingi katika Sheria za Haki, kwamba haki au uhuru wa kimsingi umekiukwa, umevunjwa au kutishiwa.

(4)Bunge litatunga sheria ili kuwezesha kikamilifu utekelezaji wa Sehemu hii, na sheria nyingine yoyote kama hiyo inaweza kupanga upya Tume hiyo iwe tume mbili au zaidi tofauti.

(5)Ikiwa Bunge litatunga sheria ya kupanga upya Tume chini ya sehemu ya (4)––

(a)sheria hiyo itagawa kila jukumu la Tume iliyotajwa katika Kifungu hiki kwa tume moja au nyingine zinazobuniwa;

(b)kila mojawapo ya tume hizi zilizobuniwa itakuwa na mamlaka sawa na ile ya Tume iliyo chini ya Kifungu hiki; na

(c)kila tume itakayobuniwa itakuwa tume katika ufafanuzi wa Sura ya Kumi na Tano, na itakuwa na hadhi na mamlaka ya tume chini ya Sura hiyo.

English

Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission

(1)There is established the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission.

(2)The functions of the Commission are—

(a)to promote respect for human rights and develop a culture of human rights in the Republic;

(b)to promote gender equality and equity generally and to coordinate and facilitate gender mainstreaming in national development;

(c)to promote the protection, and observance of human rights in public and private institutions;

(d)to monitor, investigate and report on the observance of human rights in all spheres of life in the Republic, including observance by the national security organs;

(e)to receive and investigate complaints about alleged abuses of human rights and take steps to secure appropriate redress where human rights have been violated;

(f)on its own initiative or on the basis of complaints, to investigate or research a matter in respect of human rights, and make recommendations to improve the functioning of State organs;

(g)to act as the principal organ of the State in ensuring compliance with obligations under treaties and conventions relating to human rights;

(h)to investigate any conduct in state affairs, or any act or omission in public administration in any sphere of government, that is alleged or suspected to be prejudicial or improper or to result in any impropriety or prejudice;

(i)to investigate complaints of abuse of power, unfair treatment, manifest injustice or unlawful, oppressive, unfair or unresponsive official conduct;

(j)to report on complaints investigated under paragraphs (h) and

(i)and take remedial action; and

(k)to perform any other functions prescribed by legislation.

(3)Every person has the right to complain to the Commission, alleging that a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights has been denied, violated or infringed, or is threatened.

(4)Parliament shall enact legislation to give full effect to this Part, and any such legislation may restructure the Commission into two or more separate commissions.

(5)If Parliament enacts legislation restructuring the Commission under clause (4)—

(a)that legislation shall assign each function of the Commission specified in this Article to one or the other of the successor commissions;

(b)each of the successor commissions shall have powers equivalent to the powers of the Commission under this Article; and

(c)each successor commission shall be a commission within the meaning of Chapter Fifteen, and shall have the status and powers of a commission under that Chapter.